For the PASTEUR4OA Project Open Knowledge are contributing to a series of advocacy papers. To compliment the one on Open Access to Research Data we are writing one on APCs. Article Processing Charges (APCs) are the fees scholarly publishers charge authors of academic papers. APCs are used in both Open Access journals and in closed journals.

Some of you may have seen our Open Access to Research Data Timeline. We now have an APCs timeline we’d appreciate feedback on. Again this timeline builds on Peter Suber’s Open Access timeline – but other important events and papers have been tricky to find.

1930s

• American Physical Society (APS) devised page charges in the 1930s to help finance journals. The reasoning was that the research
  published in that journal was not only of interest to those in academia, but also in the broader research community. From Paying for knowledge one page at a time: the author fee in physics in twentieth-century America by Tom Scheiding.

1965

• In the United States government authorized researchers with federal grants to pay page charges, in order to support these not-for-profit organizations. From An examination of author-paid charges in science journals.

1970s

• Half of all science articles written by U.S. authors required some form of author payment – King, Donald W., Dennis D. McDonald, and Nancy K. Roderer. Scientific Journals in the United States: Their Production, Use, and Economics. 1981. Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company (a division of Academic Press). Most common requirement was page charges. From Should Commercial Publishers Be Included in The Model for Open Access through Author Payment?

1983

• National Institutes of Health (NIH) guide allowed payment of page charges from research grants to both
  profit and not-for-profit organizations.

1994

• Revised guidelines allowed page charges to be paid not only by government-sponsored contributors, but also by non-funded contributors, a guide still followed in the latest (2003) NIH Grants Policy Statement. From Should Commercial Publishers Be Included in The Model for Open Access through Author Payment?

2002

• BioMed Central started charging processing fees to cover the costs of free online access.

2003

• Public Library of Science (PLOS) launch the journals PLOS Biology and PLOS Medicine with APCs.
• Introduction of article-processing charges (APCs) for articles accepted for publication in the Journal of Translational Medicine. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC317385/]

2004

• Springer-Verlag and Kluwer Academic Publishers pioneers hybrid journal model. [http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/pressreleases?SGWID=0-11002-2-803577-0]

2006

• Biomed Central deals with angry editors re APCs.
  [http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2006/05/growing-pains-at-bmc.html]
• The European Parliament reached a compromise on the INSPIRE Directive (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe). Geospatial data “designed for the general public” will “generally” be open access although government agencies may charge cost-recovery fees “for access to data that has to be updated frequently, such as weather reports”. The directive takes effect in the summer of 2007.

2012

• Finch report – cost of APC anticipated.
  [http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Finch-Group-report-FINAL-VERSION.pdf]
• Open-access policy at the Research Councils UK (RCUK) – If a journal with a suitable gold OA option levies an Article Processing Charge (APC), then RCUK is willing to pay the APC. The RCUK will provide block grants to universities for paying APCs, which they will manage through the establishment of publication funds, and universities will decide how to spend the money to best deliver the RCUK policy. [http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/openaccess/]
• Public Library of Science (PLoS) raise publication fee by up to $1,000. [http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/24086/title/Author-fee-spikes-at-PLoS/]

2013

• SAGE has reduced APC levied for published articles in SAGE Open to $99
  [https://oaopenaccess.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/article-processing-charges-reduced-to-99-on-sage-open-humanities-and-social-sciences-mega-journal/]
• Consortium of partner funders – Jisc, Research Libraries UK, Research Councils UK, the Wellcome Trust, the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) and the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics – came together to commission a study to examine the rapidly developing market for open access article processing charges (APCs).
• Jisc APC pilot launched [https://www.jisc-collections.ac.uk/Jisc-APC-project/]

2014

• Wellcome Trust APC Data released and cost of open access publishing: a progress report.
  [http://blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2014/03/28/the-cost-of-open-access-publishing-a-progress-report/]
• Developing an Effective Market for Open Access Article Processing Charges – study released. [http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@policy_communications/documents/web_document/wtp055910.pdf]
• Call to arms – analysis of Wellcome Trust data
  [https://access.okfn.org/2014/04/01/wellcome-trust-apc-data-thank-you/] – analysis of data
  [https://access.okfn.org/2014/05/16/the-cost-of-scientific-publishing-update-and-call-for-action/]
  [https://access.okfn.org/2014/03/24/scale-hybrid-journals-publishing/]
• RCUK Independent Review of Implementation. Spending on APCs is tracked. [http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/openaccess/2014review/]
• Dramatic growth of BioMedCentral open access article processing charges. Increased 27% from 2010-11 to 2012-13. The 15% increase from 2011-12 to 2012-13 is 10 times the rate of inflation. [http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/the-dramatic-growth-of-biomedcentral.html]
• Jisc Monitor launched – Cross-institutional APC monitoring initiatives [http://jiscmonitor.jiscinvolve.org/wp/]

2015

• Max Planck Digital Library study on Disrupting the subscription journals’ business model for the necessary large-scale transformation to open access.
• EC/OpenAIRE Gold Open Access Pilot – arrival of a large funder (the Commission) aiming to cover a very fragmented funding landscape re APCs across countries [https://www.openaire.eu/goldoa/fp7-post-grant/pilot]